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BEENISH: Balanced Energy Efficient Network Integrated Super Heterogeneous Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
T. N. Qureshi, N. Javaid, A. H. Khan, A. Iqbal, E. Akhtar, M. Ishfaq
TL;DR
Wireless sensor networks need energy-efficient routing because constrained batteries limit node operation, while existing heterogeneous protocols commonly model only two or three energy levels. BEENISH uses four node energy levels and residual-energy-based cluster-head election, and simulations report better stability period, network lifetime, and throughput than DEEC, DDEEC, and EDEEC.
Problem
Wireless sensor networks require energy-efficient routing, but heterogeneous protocols commonly consider only two or three node energy levels despite broader energy variation.
Method
BEENISH uses four node energy types and selects cluster heads according to residual energy relative to the network average, with higher-energy nodes receiving more election opportunities.
Results
BEENISH is reported as the most efficient protocol across the evaluated network types for stability period, network lifetime, and throughput compared with DEEC, DDEEC, and EDEEC.
Takeaways & Limitations
The protocol supports energy-aware clustering for heterogeneous WSNs by distributing cluster-head responsibility according to nodes’ remaining energy.
Takeaways & Limitations
The simulations assume uniformly distributed nodes when calculating average distances in the radio dissipation model.
Abstract
from arXiv · showhide
In past years there has been increasing interest in field of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). One of the major issue of WSNs is development of energy efficient routing protocols. Clustering is an effective way to increase energy efficiency. Mostly, heterogenous protocols consider two or three energy level of nodes. In reality, heterogonous WSNs contain large range of energy levels. By analyzing communication energy consumption of the clusters and large range of energy levels in heterogenous WSN, we propose BEENISH (Balanced Energy Efficient Network Integrated Super Heterogenous) Protocol. It assumes WSN containing four energy levels of nodes. Here, Cluster Heads (CHs) are elected on the bases of residual energy level of nodes. Simulation results show that it performs better than existing clustering protocols in heterogeneous WSNs. Our protocol achieve longer stability, lifetime and more effective messages than Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC), Developed DEEC (DDEEC) and Enhanced DEEC (EDEEC).
1. Introduction
WSNs use distributed sensor nodes to report data to a base station, but limited and difficult-to-replace batteries make energy-efficient communication essential. Clustering reduces energy use by organizing nodes around cluster heads, while heterogeneous networks require energy-aware treatment of nodes with different initial energy levels.
- Motivation: WSN nodes report sensed data to a base station but are power constrained by limited, difficult-to-replace batteries.Avoiding regular and long-distance communication is presented as a way to prolong network lifetime.
- Clustering: Clustering groups sensor nodes under cluster heads, which aggregate member data and forward it to the base station.
- Heterogeneity: Homogeneous clustering protocols perform poorly in heterogeneous regions because they do not treat nodes according to differing energy levels.Lower-energy nodes may expire faster than higher-energy nodes under these protocols.
2. Radio Dissipation Model
The radio dissipation model describes energy use for transmitting messages over distance and derives an optimal cluster count. Its distance calculations assume uniformly distributed nodes and distinguish free-space from multipath transmission.
- Energy model: The radio energy model describes transmission of an l-bit message over distance d.The model is presented as the basis for the radio energy dissipation analysis.
- Propagation models: Free-space transmission applies below a distance threshold, while multipath transmission applies beyond it.Eelec represents the energy used per bit by the transmitter or receiver circuit.
- Round energy: Total network energy dissipation is expressed per round using cluster count, aggregation cost, and average CH-to-BS and member-to-CH distances.The variables k, EDA, dtoBS, and dtoCH represent these quantities respectively.
- Distance assumptions: Assuming uniformly distributed nodes, the average distances to the base station and cluster head are calculated for the model.
- Optimization: Setting the derivative of ERound with respect to k to zero yields the optimal number of clusters, kopt.
3. The BEENISH Protocol
BEENISH extends DEEC-style residual-energy-based cluster-head selection to four heterogeneous node types. Its probability and threshold mechanisms favor higher-energy nodes for CH roles, aiming to distribute energy consumption and improve network longevity.
- Protocol design: BEENISH uses four node types—normal, advanced, super, and ultra-super—instead of DEEC’s normal and advanced categories.The protocol assigns different probabilities to the four energy levels.
- Protocol design: CH selection is based on each node’s residual energy relative to the network’s average energy.Nodes with greater remaining energy are more likely to become CHs.
- CH selection: BEENISH assigns different CH-election epochs according to residual energy, with higher-energy nodes elected more frequently.Ultra-super nodes are elected as CHs more often than super, advanced, and normal nodes.
- CH selection: The protocol uses an energy-dissipation model and optimal cluster count to calculate CH-selection probabilities and thresholds each round.Eligible nodes compare a random number with T(s_i) to decide whether to become CHs.
- Expected objective: The mechanism aims to distribute energy consumption efficiently and extend stability period and network lifetime.Stability period is defined by the first node death, while network lifetime is defined by the last node death.
4. Simulations and Results
The simulations evaluate BEENISH in a 100-node heterogeneous WSN and compare it with DEEC, DDEEC, and EDEEC. The reported figures address alive nodes over network lifetime and packets sent to the base station.
- Simulation setup: 100 nodes are randomly deployed in a 100m × 100m field for MATLAB-based evaluation.The simulations assume fixed or micro-mobile nodes and ignore energy loss from signal collision and interference.
- Compared protocols: BEENISH is compared with DEEC, DDEEC, and EDEEC in four-level and multi-level heterogeneous WSNs.
- Evaluation measures: The evaluation tracks alive nodes during network lifetime and packets sent to the base station.
5. Conclusion
BEENISH is an energy-aware clustering protocol for heterogeneous WSNs that uses four node-energy types and residual-energy-based Cluster Head election. It is reported as more efficient than DEEC, DDEEC, and EDEEC across stability period, network lifetime, and throughput.
- Protocol: BEENISH uses four node-energy types and elects Cluster Heads using residual and average network energy.
- Cluster Head election: Nodes with higher energy have greater chances of being selected as Cluster Heads than lower-energy nodes.
- Conclusion: BEENISH is reported as more efficient than DEEC, DDEEC, and EDEEC for stability period, network lifetime, and throughput.