Mobile GIS and Open Source Platform Based on Android: Technology for System Pregnant Women

1 INTRODUCTION

• About 800 women die daily from pregnancy or childbirth complications worldwide, and 99% of maternal deaths occur in poor countries.The passage says only 46% of women in those countries benefit from skilled care during childbirth.Source: §1 · p. 1
• The paper proposes Android-based support for pregnant women through registration, advice, and location-based emergency assistance when requested.The introduction describes tracking as occurring only when a woman needs succoring.Source: §1 · p. 1

1.1 Android Technology

• Android is presented as an open-source mobile-phone software toolkit, with hardware access abstracted for applications.The passage describes Android as based on a modified Linux 2.6 kernel and supporting device features including GPS and wireless connectivity.Source: §1.1 · p. 1

1.3 Open Source Platform

• The introduction characterizes open-source software by available source code and describes Android’s Apache-licensed code as open to use and vendor customization.It also lists parallel development and debugging, with users contributing through bug reports or fixes, as part of open-source activity.Source: §1.1 · p. 1, §1.3 · p. 2

1.2 Android System Architecture

• Android’s software stack is divided into five layers, from the kernel and low-level tools to applications.The figure caption distinguishes C/C++ items in green from Java items running in the Dalvik VM in blue.Source: §1.2 · p. 2, Figure 1 · p. 2

1.3 Open Source Platform

• Open-source development is described as involving users, developers, debuggers, and promoters, with peer recognition cited as a developer motivator.The passage also says users contribute to debugging by reporting bugs or sometimes fixing them.Source: §1.3 · p. 2

2 RELATED WORK

• A prior pregnancy mHealth system used mobile GIS and SMS for registration and emergency assistance, and was reported as economical and able to support local registration, review-date changes, and advice.Another patient-controlled location-based system sent requests with an ID and coordinates to a server, which located the patient and notified emergency contacts and a hospital.Source: §2 · p. 2
• Prior pregnancy-care systems are described as lacking nearest-center selection, review scheduling and changes, trimester-specific advice, and Internet access as an alternative service channel.The authors say their motivation is to address these gaps with home registration, nearest-center selection, and emergency succoring at the woman’s location.Source: §2 · pp. 2–3
• Mobile GIS integrates mobile devices, GPS, and wireless communications to access Internet GIS and support field-based geographic-data operations.Those operations include capturing, storing, updating, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying geographic information.Source: §2 · p. 3
• The proposed system is specified for a Samsung Galaxy S III with built-in GPS and A-GPS support.The passage identifies this device as running Android 4.1.2 and transmitting over GPRS on a GSM network.Source: §2 · p. 3

B. Modes of transmission as follow [8]:

• GPRS mode sends mobile-terminal data through a GPS data channel to a special TCP/IP server linked to the internet.Source: B. Modes of transmission as follow [8] · p. 3
• SMS over IP (SoIP) is presented as a transmission mode using the Short Message Service.Source: B. Modes of transmission as follow [8] · p. 3
• SMS sends limited-size messages to and from GSM or UMTS phones, as shown in Fig 3.Source: B. Modes of transmission as follow [8] · p. 3

Registration and care

• On registration, the system uses the woman’s location to identify a nearby hospital or care center and notify it for her first review.The system architecture places the Emergency Management Center among the proposed system’s stages.Source: §3 · p. 3

System components

• The system has five parts: a mobile client, server, Emergency Management Center, hospital and doctors, and E-Care Center.The E-Care Center schedules reviews and provides weekly care and trimester-specific advice.Source: §3 · pp. 4–5

Client and server

• The client is a GPS-equipped Android phone using GPRS, while the server stores incoming mobile data and provides services.The server is a PC connected to the internet and uses Apache, PHP, and MySQL.Source: §3 · p. 4

Emergency response

• For an emergency, the Emergency Management Center sees the woman’s location on Google Maps and dispatches succor to transfer her to the nearest hospital.The hospital receives an SMS and informs the doctor about the woman.Source: §3 · p. 5

4.1 Technologies Required

• The implementation uses MySQL, Google Maps API, Java, PHP, Android Studio and SDKs, Genymotion, and Dreamweaver.The platform figure is described as showing the system platform.Source: §4.1 · p. 6, Figure 12 · p. 6

4.2 Web Service Android Applications as Client Side

• The Android client supports registration, emergency help, review changes, and contact with an administrator in English, Kurdish, and Arabic.An emergency request can be initiated from the woman’s location through the application.Source: §4.2 · p. 6

4.3 Web Service at Server Side

• For registration, the server uses the Haversine formula to find the nearest hospital or care center and sends an SMS about the first review.The PHP web service also provides advice to pregnant women.Source: §4.3 · p. 6
• After an emergency SMS arrives, the server retrieves the woman’s information, locates her on Google Maps, and alerts the hospital, doctor, and husband.The Emergency Management Center sends succor to her location.Source: §4.3 · p. 7

4.4 Discussion the Results

• Table 1 compares the proposed system with related systems, but the supplied table passage gives no comparison values or winner.The accompanying text identifies the table as a comparison of results.Source: §4.4 · p. 7, Table 1 · p. 7

• The system supports local registration, finds the nearest care centre, and uses SMS over internet and GPRS as an economical mode.Source: §5 · p. 7
• Its open-source Android platform is described as flexible, with PHP scripts at the server and Java on the client.Source: §5 · p. 7
• The authors report higher productivity through nearest-care-centre selection and the shortest response time when a pregnant woman requests help.Source: §5 · p. 7
• Android technology supporting A-GPS is cited for helping a GPS unit lock onto a satellite signal.Source: §5 · p. 7
• The authors say open-source technology lets Android users update the client application.Source: §5 · p. 8