Source-linked AI summary
A Review on Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)
Mahdi H. Miraz, Maaruf Ali, Peter S. Excell, Rich Picking
TL;DR
The paper addresses the need to understand the expanding Internet landscape across IoT, IoE, and IoNT, including distinctions among these concepts and their applications. It surveys current developments and literature, then evaluates future applications and challenges. The review distinguishes IoT from IoE, describes IoE’s four pillars and growth opportunities, and identifies ongoing technical and social issues affecting future expansion.
Problem
The paper examines expanding Internet applications and the need to distinguish IoT, IoE, and IoNT while understanding their current and future development.
Method
The paper surveys relevant literature on the current state, applications, future possibilities, and development scenarios of IoT, IoE, and IoNT.
Results
$14.4 trillion may be exploited in the next ten years by implementing IoE with M2M, M2P, and P2P.
Takeaways & Limitations
IoE extends IoT’s focus on things through the pillars of people, data, process, and things, creating novel opportunities as well as risks.
Abstract
from arXiv · showhide
The current prominence and future promises of the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) are extensively reviewed and a summary survey report is presented. The analysis clearly distinguishes between IoT and IoE which are wrongly considered to be the same by many people. Upon examining the current advancement in the fields of IoT, IoE and IoNT, the paper presents scenarios for the possible future expansion of their applications.
I. INTRODUCTION
The paper surveys IoT, IoE, and IoNT, examining their current technologies and applications while considering possible future developments and societal effects.
- The paper surveys the current state and multidimensional applications of IoT, IoE, and IoNT.
- It evaluates possible future applications and anticipates further technological developments.
- The review considers how these technologies may change everyday life.
II. THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)
IoT connects diverse electrical and electronic devices to the Internet through varied protocols, applications, and network domains. Its expanding scope interconnects disparate networks and extends Internet use into daily life.
- IoT denotes Internet-connected electrical or electronic devices with varying sizes and capabilities.
- IoT connections extend beyond machine-to-machine communication across diverse protocols, applications, and network domains.
- Short-range wireless technologies, including ZigBee, RFID, sensor networks, and location-based technologies, facilitate IoT connectivity.
- IoT interconnects disparate networks such as vehicle electronics, home systems, telephone networks, and domestic utility controls.
A. Challenges and Impediments to IoT
The paper identifies technological rather than human resistance as the main impediment to IoT adoption, emphasizing protocol standardization, IPv6 implementation, and sensor power.
- The three largest IoT adoption impediments are protocol standardization, IPv6 implementation, and supplying sensor power.
- These impediments are attributed to technological factors rather than human resistance.
- IoT deployment therefore depends on addressing networking and energy requirements for connected sensors.
B. Deployment of IPv6
IPv6 is presented as critical for IoT because billions of sensors require unique IP addresses after IPv4 address exhaustion. Its deployment also supports simpler network management.
- IPv6 became critical after IANA exhausted its IPv4 address supply in February 2011.
- Billions of IoT sensors will require unique IP addresses.
- IPv6 provides enhanced security features and network auto-configuration capabilities that reduce network-management complexity.
C. Sensor Energy
Reliable, prolonged sensor power is essential for successful IoT deployment, especially in remote or inaccessible locations.
- Reliable power over prolonged periods is key to successfully deploying IoT sensors.This is especially difficult for sensors underground, in space, or on other planets.
D. Standardization
IEEE standardization work addresses privacy, security, and network-architecture requirements for IoT, particularly IPv6 routing across heterogeneous networks.
- IEEE standardization work addresses IoT privacy, security, and network-architecture requirements.A particular focus is IPv6 packet routing through heterogeneous networks.
III. INTERNET OF EVERYTHING (IOE)
IoE extends IoT from connected things to connected people, data, processes, and things, with successive connectivity waves supporting applications from smart cities to real-time automation. The paper distinguishes IoE’s broader scope from IoT and describes substantial projected opportunities alongside associated risks.
- Concept and distinction: IoE comprises four pillars—people, data, process, and things—whereas IoT is composed only of things.Its broader scope also extends business and industrial processes to enrich people’s lives.
- Concept and distinction: IoE connects people, processes, data, and things through M2M, P2M, and P2P systems.The paper notes that its value lies in the connections among these elements.
- Growth and applications: Successive IoT growth waves add features and network connectedness, leading toward eventual complete IoE with new opportunities and risks.These waves are described as organizational S-curves.
- Growth and applications: IoE can analyze real-time data from millions of sensors to support automated and people-based processes and public, environmental, economic, and social goals.The paper presents these as potential benefits of IoE.
- Growth and applications: IoE applications include mobile financial services, cloud-connected systems, smart-city infrastructure, traffic control, agriculture, education, healthcare, mining, and remote monitoring.Smart cities can use information intelligence and Big Data processing for city-specific concerns.
- Growth and applications: $14.4 trillion may be exploited over ten years by implementing IoE with M2M, M2P, and P2P.This was a February 2013 CISCO prediction.
IV. INTERNET OF NANO THINGS (IONT)
IoNT extends IoE through nano-sensors and nano-networks, enabling sensing in previously inaccessible locations and supporting medical and environmental applications. Its broader deployment depends on interfacing with micro-devices and resolving channel-modelling and networking challenges.
- IoNT extends IoE by incorporating nano-sensors into diverse objects and using nano-networks.A medical model illustrates access to data from locations previously impossible to sense or instruments inaccessible because of sensor size.
- IoNT could enable new medical and environmental data collection, potentially refining knowledge, supporting discoveries, and improving medical diagnostics.These are presented as potential outcomes of sensing previously inaccessible locations.
- IoNT’s pervasive deployment depends on interfacing it with existing micro-devices, especially in industrial and biomedical settings.Further study is identified as necessary for this integration.
- Electromagnetic channel modelling and suitable networking protocols remain major IoNT challenges.These challenges are identified alongside the need for IoNT–micro-device interfacing.
- Each IoNT functional task, including actuation or sensing, is performed by a nano-machine measuring approximately 1 to 100 nm.
V. THE FUTURE INTERNET
The future Internet is presented as rapidly expanding, with IoT approaching maturity and requiring attention to usability, integration, skills, and ethical issues. Simpler embedded devices and user-centred design are identified as important parts of this development.
- Over 45,000 media references in 2014 indicate that IoT had overtaken Big Data as a discussion topic.
- The Gartner Hype Cycle places IoT at its peak, with five to ten years projected for maturity.
- 50-200 billions artifacts were projected to be internetworked by 2020, increasing the importance of end-user experience and accessibility.
- User-centred tools such as Gadgeteer support rapid prototyping, while cognitive-psychology theories inform adaptive IoT-system design.
- Simpler embedded devices are expected to form a significant part of future IoT, although financial, technical, and social issues remain.
- Ambiently intelligent devices are described as observing human movements, location, context, and environment, while using artificial intelligence for social interaction.
- IoT development also depends on education, ethical and privacy awareness, cloud integration, and research into cross-cultural usability.
VI. CONCLUSION
The paper argues that distinguishing IoT, IoE, and IoNT helps interpret technological trends and predict near-future developments. It places this classification within the broader digitalization and expansion of Internet-based interaction.
- Internet use is becoming increasingly digitalized as new technologies are invented and adopted.
- Separating IoT, IoE, and IoNT helps identify both similarities and differences when interpreting technological trends.
- This differentiation is presented as useful for gaining insight into near-future developments.