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4MOST: Project overview and information for the First Call for Proposals

R. S. de Jong, O. Agertz, A. Agudo Berbel, J. Aird, D. A. Alexander, A. Amarsi, F. Anders, R. Andrae, B. Ansarinejad, W. Ansorge, P. Antilogus, H. Anwand-Heerwart, A. Arentsen, A. Arnadottir, M. Asplund, M. Auger, N. Azais, D. Baade, G. Baker, S. Baker, E. Balbinot, I. K. Baldry, M. Banerji, S. Barden, P. Barklem, E. Barthélémy-Mazot, C. Battistini, S. Bauer, C. P. M. Bell, O. Bellido-Tirado, S. Bellstedt, V. Belokurov, T. Bensby, M. Bergemann, J. M. Bestenlehner, R. Bielby, M. Bilicki, C. Blake, J. Bland-Hawthorn, C. Boeche, W. Boland, T. Boller, S. Bongard, A. Bongiorno, P. Bonifacio, D. Boudon, D. Brooks, M. J. I. Brown, R. Brown, M. Brüggen, J. Brynnel, J. Brzeski, T. Buchert, P. Buschkamp, E. Caffau, P. Caillier, J. Carrick, L. Casagrande, S. Case, A. Casey, I. Cesarini, G. Cescutti, D. Chapuis, C. Chiappini, M. Childress, N. Christlieb, R. Church, M. -R. L. Cioni, M. Cluver, M. Colless, T. Collett, J. Comparat, A. Cooper, W. Couch, F. Courbin, S. Croom, D. Croton, E. Daguisé, G. Dalton, L. J. M. Davies, T. Davis, P. de Laverny, A. Deason, F. Dionies, K. Disseau, P. Doel, D. Döscher, S. P. Driver, T. Dwelly, D. Eckert, A. Edge, B. Edvardsson, D. El Youssoufi, A. Elhaddad, H. Enke, G. Erfanianfar, T. Farrell, T. Fechner, C. Feiz, S. Feltzing, I. Ferreras, D. Feuerstein, D. Feuillet, A. Finoguenov, D. Ford, S. Fotopoulou, M. Fouesneau, C. Frenk, S. Frey, W. Gaessler, S. Geier, N. Gentile Fusillo, O. Gerhard, T. Giannantonio, D. Giannone, B. Gibson, P. Gillingham, C. González-Fernández, E. Gonzalez-Solares, S. Gottloeber, A. Gould, E. K. Grebel, A. Gueguen, G. Guiglion, M. Haehnelt, T. Hahn, C. J. Hansen, H. Hartman, K. Hauptner, K. Hawkins, D. Haynes, R. Haynes, U. Heiter, A. Helmi, C. Hernandez Aguayo, P. Hewett, S. Hinton, D. Hobbs, S. Hoenig, D. Hofman, I. Hook, J. Hopgood, A. Hopkins, A. Hourihane, L. Howes, C. Howlett, T. Huet, M. Irwin, O. Iwert, P. Jablonka, T. Jahn, K. Jahnke, A. Jarno, S. Jin, P. Jofre, D. Johl, D. Jones, H. Jönsson, C. Jordan, I. Karovicova, A. Khalatyan, A. Kelz, R. Kennicutt, D. King, F. Kitaura, J. Klar, U. Klauser, J. Kneib, A. Koch, S. Koposov, G. Kordopatis, A. Korn, J. Kosmalski, R. Kotak, M. Kovalev, K. Kreckel, Y. Kripak, M. Krumpe, K. Kuijken, A. Kunder, I. Kushniruk, M. I Lam, G. Lamer, F. Laurent, J. Lawrence, M. Lehmitz, B. Lemasle, J. Lewis, B. Li, C. Lidman, K. Lind, J. Liske, J. -L. Lizon, J. Loveday, H. -G. Ludwig, R. M. McDermid, K. Maguire, V. Mainieri, S. Mali, H. Mandel, K. Mandel, L. Mannering, S. Martell, D. Martinez Delgado, G. Matijevic, H. McGregor, R. McMahon, P. McMillan, O. Mena, A. Merloni, M. J. Meyer, C. Michel, G. Micheva, J. -E. Migniau, I. Minchev, G. Monari, R. Muller, D. Murphy, D. Muthukrishna, K. Nandra, R. Navarro, M. Ness, V. Nichani, R. Nichol, H. Nicklas, F. Niederhofer, P. Norberg, D. Obreschkow, S. Oliver, M. Owers, N. Pai, S. Pankratow, D. Parkinson, I. Parry, J. Paschke, R. Paterson, A. Pecontal, D. Phillips, A. Pillepich, L. Pinard, J. Pirard, N. Piskunov, V. Plank, D. Plüschke, E. Pons, P. Popesso, C. Power, J. Pragt, A. Pramskiy, D. Pryer, M. Quattri, A. B. de Andrade Queiroz, A. Quirrenbach, S. Rahurkar, A. Raichoor, S. Ramstedt, A. Rau, A. Recio-Blanco, R. Reiss, F. Renaud, Y. Revaz, P. Rhode, J. Richard, A. D. Richter, H. -W. Rix, A. S. G. Robotham, R. Roelfsema, M. Romaniello, D. Rosario, F. Rothmaier, B. Roukema, G. Ruchti, G. Rupprecht, J. Rybizki, N. Ryde, A. Saar, E. Sadler, M. Sahlén, M. Salvato, B. Sassolas, W. Saunders, A. Saviauk, L. Sbordone, T. Schmidt, O. Schnurr, R. -D. Scholz, A. Schwope, W. Seifert, T. Shanks, A. Sheinis, T. Sivov, Á. Skúladóttir, S. Smartt, S. Smedley, G. Smith, R. Smith, J. Sorce, L. Spitler, E. Starkenburg, M. Steinmetz, I. Stilz, J. Storm, M. Sullivan, W. Sutherland, E. Swann, A. Tamone, E. N. Taylor, J. Teillon, E. Tempel, R. ter Horst, W. -F. Thi, E. Tolstoy, S. Trager, G. Traven, P. -E. Tremblay, L. Tresse, M. Valentini, R. van de Weygaert, M. van den Ancker, J. Veljanoski, S. Venkatesan, L. Wagner, K. Wagner, C. J. Walcher, L. Waller, N. Walton, L. Wang, R. Winkler, L. Wisotzki, C. C. Worley, G. Worseck, M. Xiang, W. Xu, D. Yong, C. Zhao, J. Zheng, F. Zscheyge, D. Zucker

arXiv:1903.02464v2astro-ph.IM

TL;DR

4MOST addresses the need for a high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic facility in the southern hemisphere. The paper describes its instrument, operations, planned science, and survey-selection policies, reporting capabilities exceeding 17,000 square degrees and 20 million spectra over five years.

  • Problem

    The southern astronomical community needs a high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility with broad access to the southern sky.

  • Method

    The paper presents 4MOST’s instrument design, operational scheme, Consortium science programme, and policies for selecting ESO Community Surveys.

  • Results

    Over five years, 4MOST can cover > 17 000 square degrees at least twice, obtain spectra of more than 20 million sources at R ~ 6500, and obtain more than three million at R ~ 20 000.

  • Takeaways & Limitations

    4MOST offers large-scale spectroscopic opportunities for Galactic archaeology, extragalactic cosmology, galaxy and black-hole studies, and time-domain discoveries.

Abstract

from arXiv · show

We introduce the 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST), a new high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility under development for the four-metre-class Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) at Paranal. Its key specifications are: a large field of view (FoV) of 4.2 square degrees and a high multiplex capability, with 1624 fibres feeding two low-resolution spectrographs ($R = λ/Δλ\sim 6500$), and 812 fibres transferring light to the high-resolution spectrograph ($R \sim 20\,000$). After a description of the instrument and its expected performance, a short overview is given of its operational scheme and planned 4MOST Consortium science; these aspects are covered in more detail in other articles in this edition of The Messenger. Finally, the processes, schedules, and policies concerning the selection of ESO Community Surveys are presented, commencing with a singular opportunity to submit Letters of Intent for Public Surveys during the first five years of 4MOST operations.

Organisation

4MOST is organized into Instrument, Operations, and Science branches, with surveys coordinated through Survey PIs and the Science Coordination Board. Its operating model supports simultaneous science cases, repeated visits, and the performance and efficiency targets driving the instrument design.

  • Science requirements: Within a 2-hour observation, 4MOST targets redshifts for r = 22.5 magnitudes (AB) galaxies and AGN, radial velocities for Gaia sources with G < 20.5 magnitudes (Vega), and stellar abundances.It targets stellar parameters and selected abundances better than 0.15 dex for G < 18-magnitude stars, and up to 15 elements for G < 15.5-magnitude stars.
  • Operations organisation: The Operations Development Group leads operations planning and data-flow across the relevant subsystems and working groups, including 4MOST Helpdesk activities.
  • Organisation: 4MOST is organized into Instrument, Operations, and Science branches responsible for hardware, data-flow, and survey science, respectively.The Instrument branch covers development, construction, and commissioning; Operations covers planning, reduction, archiving, and publishing; Science covers surveys, analysis, and publication.
  • Science organisation: Science surveys span participating institutes, are led by Survey PIs, coordinated by the Science Coordination Board, and overseen by two Project Scientists.The two Project Scientists cover Galactic and extragalactic science.
  • Operations scheme: 4MOST can schedule many science cases simultaneously, using multiple exposures and visits until stacked spectra reach the required signal-to-noise.

Community programmes

The 4MOST Consortium programme comprises ten surveys spanning Galactic archaeology and extragalactic science, while the five-year survey structure provides ESO community access to substantial LRS and HRS observing time. Community programmes operate alongside Consortium Surveys under policies governing target overlap, shared exposure time, membership, and data access.

  • Consortium science: R ~ 20 000 high-resolution spectroscopy enables accurate abundance measurements for Galactic archaeology in the southern sky, including the Milky Way bulge and Magellanic Clouds.The programme also offers synergies with southern facilities including LSST, SKA, and ESO’s ELT.
  • Consortium science: Ten Consortium surveys target Galactic archaeology in the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds, alongside extragalactic studies of cosmology, dark energy, and dark matter.Five surveys focus on stellar objects and four on extragalactic objects; the supplied passage begins describing the tenth survey category but is truncated.
  • Survey structure: Five-year surveys support large projects with carefully designed completeness goals and well-understood selection functions, with new programmes selected only once every five years.All 4MOST surveys are Public Surveys, and the observing strategy is intended to remain as stable as possible during each five-year programme.
  • Community access: 4.8/2.4 million LRS/HRS fibre-hours are available to the ESO community during the first five-year survey for developing complementary surveys.The process for integrating community observing programmes into the 4MOST survey programme is described in the subsequent section.
  • Community policies: Non-Participating Surveys may overlap other Surveys by at most 30% and cannot share exposure time, so duplicate targets are observed twice.These surveys may independently set their membership, data-access, and publication policies.

Further information · Consortium and Minor Participants Institutes

The section provides practical routes for learning about 4MOST, including a 2019 workshop, online and helpdesk resources, and information on planned surveys. It also records selected survey responsibilities and the planned transition from system integration to the first five-year survey.

  • Further information: 6–8 May 2019: ESO and the 4MOST Consortium will jointly hold the “Preparing for 4MOST” workshop at ESO Garching.The workshop is intended to transfer Consortium knowledge to the broader ESO community.
  • Consortium and Minor Participants Institutes: The listed planned surveys include Milky Way Disc and Bulge LR, Cosmology Redshift, and Magellanic Clouds.These survey names appear in the institute and responsibility information.
  • Consortium and Minor Participants Institutes: The listed survey responsibilities also include Milky Way Halo LR, Milky Way Disc and Bulge HR, Galaxy Clusters, and AGN.The passages separately identify these planned survey areas.
  • Consortium and Minor Participants Institutes: The survey list additionally includes Milky Way Halo HR and Cosmology Redshift.These entries appear among the institute and science-lead responsibility information.
  • Further information: July 2021: system integration in Potsdam is scheduled for completion, followed by full system testing by February 2022 and facility installation and commissioning at VISTA in November 2022.After Provisional Acceptance Chile, the first five-year survey will start.
  • Further information: Potential 4MOST Public Survey applicants are strongly encouraged to attend the workshop to obtain information, ask questions, exchange ideas, and build collaborations.The meeting is intended to help community PIs respond successfully to the Call.
  • Further information: The 4MOST helpdesk can be reached through ESO’s User Support Department, the 4MOST website, or by mailing the project directly.These channels provide additional ways to obtain project information.
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