Source-linked AI summary
When Quantum Information Technologies Meet Blockchain in Web 3.0
Minrui Xu, Xiaoxu Ren, Dusit Niyato, Jiawen Kang, Chao Qiu, Zehui Xiong, Xiaofei Wang, Victor C. M. Leung
TL;DR
Quantum computing threatens classical blockchain cryptography, motivating a quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 framework with information-theoretic security. The paper combines quantum cryptography and blockchain services with a quantum NFT auction, whose experiments demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency.
Problem
Quantum computing can break classical blockchain cryptographic assumptions, while NFT-market liquidity requires revenue maximization under buyers’ IR and DSIC constraints.
Method
The paper proposes a quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 framework and a quantum deep learning-based optimal auction for NFT trading, including quantum NFT construction.
Results
The proposed framework achieves information-theoretic security and long-term sustainability in Web 3.0, while QDLA demonstrates effectiveness and efficiency in NFT auctions.
Takeaways & Limitations
Quantum blockchain can combine quantum-network security and quantum-computing efficiency for decentralized Web 3.0 applications and NFT-market liquidity.
Abstract
from arXiv · showhide
With the drive to create a decentralized digital economy, Web 3.0 has become a cornerstone of digital transformation, developed on the basis of computing-force networking, distributed data storage, and blockchain. With the rapid realization of quantum devices, Web 3.0 is being developed in parallel with the deployment of quantum cloud computing and quantum Internet. In this regard, quantum computing first disrupts the original cryptographic systems that protect data security while reshaping modern cryptography with the advantages of quantum computing and communication. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 framework that provides information-theoretic security for decentralized data transferring and payment transactions. First, we present the framework of quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 with future-proof security during the transmission of data and transaction information. Next, we discuss the potential applications and challenges of implementing quantum blockchain in Web 3.0. Finally, we describe a use case for quantum non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and propose a quantum deep learning-based optimal auction for NFT trading to maximize the achievable revenue for sufficient liquidity in Web 3.0. In this way, the proposed framework can achieve proven security and sustainability for the next-generation decentralized digital society.
I. INTRODUCTION
The paper proposes a quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 framework to address quantum threats to classical blockchain security and support sustainable NFT markets.
- Quantum computing can break blockchain’s classical one-way-function assumptions, including digital signatures and hash functions; 2×107 qubits could crack RSA-2048 within eight hours.
- Quantum blockchain services include decentralized digital identity, quantum NFTs, and quantum consensus mechanisms for access, asset identification, and trust without an authenticated third party.
- NFT-market liquidity is constrained by the need to maximize revenue while satisfying buyers’ individual rationality and dominant-strategy incentive compatibility.
- The framework combines quantum cryptography, quantum blockchain services, and information-theoretic protection for decentralized data and transactions.
- The proposed quantum machine-learning auction targets maximum NFT-trading revenue while guaranteeing buyers’ IR and DSIC.
II. THE FRAMEWORK OF QUANTUM BLOCKCHAIN-DRIVEN WEB 3.0
The proposed quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 framework combines infrastructure, quantum cryptography protocols, and quantum blockchain-based services.
- The framework consists of enabling infrastructure, quantum cryptography protocols, and quantum blockchain-based services for a decentralized digital society in the quantum era.
A. Enabling Infrastructure of Web 3.0
The framework uses distributed computing, storage, blockchain, and quantum protocols to support Web 3.0 identities, assets, and consensus.
- A. Enabling Infrastructure of Web 3.0: Computing-force networking, distributed storage, and blockchain support record-keeping, ownership proofs, scheduling, trading, data retrieval, and unified access for Web 3.0 users.
- B. Quantum Cryptography Protocols for Web 3.0: Quantum cryptography protocols address identity authentication, consensus, block verification, and block propagation to protect Web 3.0 security and privacy.
- 1) Quantum Identity Authentication:: Quantum identity authentication verifies blockchain participants using shared classical keys or entangled states, with concurrent authentication and QKD needed to prevent skipped authentication.
- 2) Quantum Consensus Mechanism:: Quantum consensus mechanisms use quantum voting to develop quantum delegated proof-of-stake, while DPoSB selects witness nodes fairly with low energy consumption.
3) Quantum Block Verification:
Quantum blockchain verifies and propagates blocks through quantum signatures and secure classical or quantum networks, enabling services such as quantum NFTs and decentralized identity.
- 3) Quantum Block Verification:: Quantum block verification uses quantum signatures, while qubit-encoded weighted hypergraph states reduce blockchain storage and withstand several stated security threats.
- 4) Quantum Block Propagation:: Block propagation can use QKD-encrypted classical channels or entanglement-based qubit transmission, but scarce quantum resources create an efficiency–security–cost tradeoff.
- C. Quantum Blockchain-based Services in Web 3.0: Quantum blockchain-based Web 3.0 services include quantum decentralized digital identity, quantum NFTs, quantum DeFi, and quantum DAO.
1) Quantum Decentralized Digital Identity:
Quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 applies quantum methods to identity, NFTs, and decentralized finance, combining ownership, security, and transaction capabilities.
- 1) Quantum Decentralized Digital Identity:: Quantum signatures provide tamper-proof, anonymous, and transparent digital identities for Web 3.0 users and can help restore account value.
- 2) Quantum Non-fungible Token:: Quantum algorithms encode NFT information in quantum bipartite hypergraph states attached to blockchains, supporting reliable, cost-effective ownership proof.
- 3) Quantum Decentralized Finance:: Quantum blockchain can secure DeFi transactions information-theoretically while enabling instantaneous payments through quantum secure communication and quantum lightning.
4) Quantum Decentralized Autonomous Organization:
Quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 extends secure participation from decentralized organizations to a staged quantum-cryptography infrastructure.
- 4) Quantum Decentralized Autonomous Organization:: Quantum signatures verify DAO participants, quantum voting secures proposal decisions, and quantum-blockchain tokens distribute incentives.
- 4) Quantum Decentralized Autonomous Organization:: The framework combines quantum cryptography, quantum networking, and incentive mechanisms to support proven security and sustainable participation.
- A. Quantum Cryptography Techniques: Quantum cryptography techniques become mainstream across six stages of the continuing development of quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0.
1) Quantum Secure Communication:
The framework uses quantum communication, randomness, signatures, and hashing to secure quantum blockchain communications and block verification.
- 1) Quantum Secure Communication:: QKD progresses from BB84 trusted-repeater networks through MDI-QKD and DI-QKD, while QSDC enables direct secret transmission in quantum-memory networks.
- 2) Quantum Random Number Generators:: QRNGs use quantum uncertainty to generate true randomness for cryptographic protocols and provide verifiable unpredictability.
- 3) Quantum Signature Algorithms:: Quantum digital signatures replace vulnerable classical signatures by securing payment and data-transfer information through quantum-state distinguishability.
- 4) Quantum Hash Functions:: Quantum walks generate block-header hash values, including qubit-encoded hashes produced by a controlled alternative quantum walk.
5) Quantum Voting:
Quantum voting secures decentralized decision-making, while related applications use quantum blockchain techniques to protect smart-city and healthcare data.
- 5) Quantum Voting:: Quantum voting shares encoded quantum information to provide correctness, traceability, verifiability, and anonymity during transparent voting.
- 1) Smart City:: The QIQW protocol lets smart-city IoT nodes share data securely and control their records through a blockchain framework resistant to probable quantum attacks.
- 2) Smart Healthcare:: A quantum electronic medical-record protocol replaces traditional encryption signatures while tracking records and preserving healthcare data security and privacy.
3) Metaverse:
Quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 supports secure, interoperable Metaverse economies while facing scalability and resource constraints in quantum networking and incentive design.
- 3) Metaverse:: Quantum blockchain-driven Web 3.0 can manage avatar identities, mint unique and tradable QNFTs, and secure cross-chain Metaverse data and payments.Quantum identity authentication supports verification, while cross-chain mechanisms provide instantaneous and information-theoretically secure interoperability.
- C. Main Challenges: Quantum networking can provide information-theoretic security, but limited quantum resources constrain blockchain throughput despite payment-channel, sharding, and cross-chain approaches.The proposed approaches use quantum channels for payment channels, inter-shard synchronization, and relay selection across blockchains.
- 2) Incentive Mechanism Design:: Sustainable Web 3.0 requires incentives and penalties for miners’ quantum resources alongside sufficient NFT-trading revenue to maintain liquidity.The incentive mechanism must address both consensus participation and NFT-market revenues.
IV. SUSTAINABLE INCENTIVE MECHANISM FOR NFT TRADING IN QUANTUM BLOCKCHAIN-DRIVEN WEB 3.0
The framework combines a verified QNFT protocol with a quantum deep learning auction that targets sustainable NFT-market incentives while preserving buyer protections.
- A. The Quantum NFT Protocol: The QNFT protocol encodes UGC information and a consensus-dependent random phase into qubits, then verifies the state before adding it to the blockchain.Failed measurements abort the QNFT and penalize the proposing peer; successful verification adds the block locally.
- B. Quantum Deep Learning-based Optimal Auction: QDLA replaces the classical auction’s hidden neural-network layer with quantum circuits while retaining bid processing and price-allocation outputs.The quantum circuits use AngleEmbedding and BasicEntangler layers to reduce the number of network parameters.
C. Experimental Results
Experiments compare DLA and QDLA with SPA in NFT trading, finding that both learned mechanisms achieve revenue gains and DSIC, while QDLA uses fewer parameters and is more robust.
- C. Experimental Results: DLA and QDLA converge around the tenth epoch, outperform SPA in expected revenue, and achieve non-negative regret close to zero.The results indicate revenue improvement over SPA and DSIC for both learned mechanisms.
- C. Experimental Results: QDLA achieves similar revenue to DLA with fewer parameters and greater robustness.The evaluation uses 7000 training samples and 3000 testing samples with 3 buyers and 3 items.
- V. CONCLUSION: The paper concludes that quantum blockchain combines quantum-network security with quantum-computing efficiency to support secure and sustainable Web 3.0.The conclusion identifies QDLA as an effective and efficient auction mechanism for NFT-market fluidity.