Source-linked AI summary
Augur: A Synthetic Decision Lab for Rehearsing Reactions to Product and Policy Changes
Rahul Khedar, Mayank Malhotra, Avinash Karn
TL;DR
Organizations must decide whether to ship product and policy changes before the affected public’s reaction is observable. Augur rehearses reactions offline and evaluates release verdicts on 50 real decisions; the results indicate that most of the measured frontier-versus-offline gap reflects evaluation specification rather than a detected capability difference.
Problem
Organizations decide whether to ship product or policy changes before the reactions of affected people are observable.
Source: §1 · p. 1Method
Augur generates an offline proxy for reaction and an auditable release verdict, evaluated against realized outcomes for 50 real product and policy decisions.
Source: §3 · p. 2, §10 · p. 10Results
Takeaways & Limitations
A single-prompt comparison is uninterpretable, so the paper reports compliance rate alongside accuracy.
Source: §1 · p. 1Gold-50 has only 50 cases with wide intervals, and its labels received a single author pass without independent relabeling or inter-annotator agreement.
Source: §7 · pp. 9–10
Abstract
from arXiv · showhide
Before a product or policy change ships, the question that matters is how people will react to it. Augur rehearses that reaction offline: it builds a typed knowledge graph from the change documents, populates a grounded persona market, simulates the interaction, and returns an auditable decision memo recommending one of five actions. We assemble Gold-50, fifty real product and policy episodes whose real-world outcome is known, adjudicated against the public record, and score the five-way release verdict against it. Our central finding is methodological and negative: most of the measured gap between frontier cloud models and open-weight models we fine-tune and serve offline is attributable to an under-specified evaluation, not a difference in capability. We show this three ways. First, the prompt envelope alone can dominate the score: holding weights, cases and scorer fixed, one system -- a LoRA-SFT adapter on Qwen3-32B -- swings from 0% to 73%. Second, in a matched 2x2 ablation, defining the decision taxonomy in the prompt -- with no model change -- lifts every frontier model by +24 to +34pp; under the under-specified prompt, Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT served offline beats all three frontier models (paired McNemar, Holm-corrected), and once the prompt is fair no significant difference from any of them is detected. Third, agreement with the distillation teacher rises without accuracy following, and the full pipeline amplifies a systematic "over-doom" bias rather than improving the verdict. Separately, we validate the reaction layer on its own terms: blind judges across four model families find the synthetic reaction recovers 67-90% of the concerns the public actually raised, and a pre-registered ablation locates its value -- largest where the decision is hardest, redundant near ceiling. The pipeline that regenerates every number and figure here is available from the authors.
1 Introduction
Augur rehearses reactions to product and policy changes and returns an auditable release verdict. On Gold-50, the paper argues that prompt specification accounts for most of the measured frontier-versus-offline gap.
1 Introduction
- Gold-50 contains 50 real product and policy episodes with manually verified outcomes, balanced ten per class across five release actions.Augur produces auditable verdicts on the benchmark.Source: §1 · p. 1
- With weights, cases, and scorer fixed, Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT swings from 0% to 73% when only the prompt changes.The paper therefore reports compliance rate alongside accuracy.Source: §1 · p. 1
- Defining the decision taxonomy for everyone removes a statistically detectable frontier-versus-offline gap, while the under-specified prompt lets offline Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT beat all three frontier models.Under the fair prompt, no statistically significant difference from any frontier model is detected.Source: §1 · pp. 1–2
- Teacher agreement rises from 10% to 70% without matching outcome-accuracy gains, while the full pipeline amplifies over-doom bias to at or below five-way chance.The paper attributes these patterns to collapsed judge independence under distillation and an exact-match schema-compliance ceiling.Source: §1 · p. 2
- Blind judges across four model families find synthetic reactions recover 67–90% of public concerns, with the largest verdict benefit where the title-only baseline is weakest.The report-stage signal adds +20 pp for the weakest solver and is redundant near ceiling; the paper distinguishes this reaction evidence from bias introduced by stacking generative stages.Source: §1 · p. 2
2 The Augur System
- Augur builds a typed graph from change documents, grounds personas in graph entities, simulates their interaction, and retrieves evidence to forecast one of five actions.The forward path is documents → graph → personas → simulation → report, with post-hoc interrogation supported by an interaction stage.Source: §2 · p. 2
3 The Gold-50 Benchmark
Gold-50 is a retrospective benchmark of real product and policy decisions with observed outcomes. The experimental setup compares systems on the same cases while varying models and prompts, using paired tests for head-to-head claims.
3 The Gold-50 Benchmark
- Gold-50 comprises 50 realized product and policy decisions labeled in one author pass against public records, with Opus 4.8 adjudication creating a disclosed circularity caveat in its own comparison.The authors scope claims to this author-adjudicated retrospective benchmark.Source: §3 · p. 2
- The benchmark has ten cases per action class and four outcome-driver strata: public reaction (28), regulatory action (11), engineering readiness (7), and business performance (4).The outcome labels record realized dispositions rather than abstract optimal actions.Source: §3 · pp. 2–3
- Public-reaction cases are the largest stratum and the one the reaction-simulating pipeline targets, yet every system predicts this stratum worst.Regulatory- and readiness-decided cases are recovered more reliably.Source: §3 · p. 3
4 Experimental Setup
- Outputs are scored both conservatively, counting unparseable responses as wrong, and conditionally on in-schema output; paired comparisons use exact McNemar tests.At n=50, a nonsignificant result is failure to detect a difference, not evidence of equivalence.Source: §3 · p. 3, §4 · pp. 3–4
- Eleven report-stage systems span three frontier models and eight open-weight configurations, and comparisons hold cases and scoring fixed while varying model and prompt.Prompt arms include the deployed prompt, a shared five-action taxonomy block, and an abstract schema-compliance probe; none changes model weights.Source: §4 · p. 3
- Gold-50 is evaluation-only and disjoint from training, validation, and model selection, with no overlapping case IDs or matching case documents.The audit found at most one shared company name in one case.Source: §4 · p. 4
5 Results
On Gold-50, prompt specification accounts for much of the measured frontier–open-weight gap, while the full pipeline amplifies over-doom. The reaction signal itself is faithful to public concerns and helps most when the decision is hardest for the solver.
5.1 The report-stage leaderboard
- 31/50 = 62.0% is the deployed-prompt accuracy of the leading Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT; the top systems form a cluster, while fine-tuning ranges from +44 pp to −40 pp across backbones.The Qwen3-1.7B adapter scores 6.0% with 35/50 outputs unparseable; the Llama-3-8B gain and Qwen3-1.7B loss are significant, unlike the three mid-size effects.Source: Figure 3 · p. 4, §5.1 · pp. 4–5, Table 1 · p. 4
5.2 The prompt envelope can dominate the result
- 0% to 73% is the Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT’s accuracy swing across prompts on the same 11 cases, weights, and scoring code.The abstract prompt elicits actions outside the five-way schema; the deployed prompt is used for headline scores, while the abstract prompt serves as a schema-compliance probe.Source: §5.2 · p. 5, Figure 5 · p. 5
5.3 The debias 2×2: most of the gap is the prompt
- Defining the taxonomy lifts every frontier model by +24 to +34 pp; under the baseline prompt Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT beats all three, but no significant difference is detected under the fair prompt.Fine-tuning and the taxonomy block address distinct failures: the block reduces frontier mitigate over-prediction, while fine-tuned Qwen3-32B recovers the segment class.Source: §5.3 · pp. 5–6, Figure 6 · p. 6
5.4 The full pipeline amplifies over-doom
- 40.0% for Opus, 36.0% for GPT-5.2, and 14.0% for per-agent routing are full-pipeline accuracies; the pipeline over-predicts mitigate against a true 20% frequency.Because full-pipeline and report-only results use different model families, the accuracy ordering is not a clean ranking; end-to-end latency is several minutes per case.Source: §5.4 · pp. 6–7, Figure 8 · p. 7
5.5 The reaction simulation is a faithful proxy
- 67–90% of public concerns are anticipated by the synthetic reaction across four blind judges, supporting its fidelity to the substance of real reactions.Concern recall is the load-bearing measure, but the press-grade real-reaction source is a floor on the concern set, so precision is uncomputed; stance direction has no robust sign.Source: §5.5 · p. 8, Table 5 · p. 8
5.6 Does the simulation improve the decision? A matched with/without ablation
- +5.5 pp is the mean with-simulation effect, below the pre-registered +6 pp threshold, so the result is null; gains concentrate where title-only performance is weak.GPT-5.2 gains +20 pp from 46% title-only accuracy, whereas Opus, already at 84%, regresses −4 pp; a single-seed Opus drift motivates reading paired deltas rather than absolute levels.Source: §5.6 · pp. 8–9, Table 6 · p. 8
5.7 Agreeing with the teacher is not being right
- Teacher agreement rises from 1/10 to 7/10 across SFT rounds while Gold-50 outcome accuracy barely moves, so distillation agreement measures imitation rather than correctness.The teacher agrees with itself 10/10 while its verdicts are often not outcome-correct.Source: §5.7 · p. 9, Figure 9 · p. 9
5.8 Cost is flatter than quality
- 54.0% accuracy at 17.70 GB and 46.6 tok/s puts untuned Qwen3-8B within 8 pp of the leader, with no significant difference detected.All configurations fit a 183 GB accelerator; fine-tuning reduces throughput at every scale.Source: §5.8 · p. 9
6 Discussion
On Gold-50, the measured frontier–offline gap is largely attributable to prompt specification rather than a detected capability difference under a fair prompt. The reaction signal is faithful and most useful where the decision is hardest, while the full pipeline and distillation expose distinct failure modes.
6 Discussion
- Under a fair prompt, offline Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT shows no statistically significant difference from frontier models, while under an under-specified prompt it wins because it was tuned to that envelope.The same weights swing from 0% to 73%, and defining the taxonomy closes most of the frontier gap on these fifty cases.Source: §6 · p. 9
- Distillation-teacher agreement rises without matching accuracy gains, and the full pipeline amplifies over-doom; the proposed design response is cross-family, off-the-shelf critique and reporting compliance alongside accuracy.The paper attributes these effects to collapsed judge independence and the exact-match scorer’s schema-compliance ceiling.Source: §6 · p. 9
- The synthetic reaction anticipates 67–90% of public concerns, and its decision signal helps most for a weak title-only solver but is redundant near ceiling.The reported +20 pp gain for the weakest solver is distinct from the full pipeline’s over-doom bias.Source: §6 · p. 9
7 Limitations and Evidence Gaps
Gold-50 is a small benchmark with author-adjudicated labels, and the reaction ablation and fidelity results have limits that constrain how broadly their conclusions should be read.
7 Limitations and Evidence Gaps
- Gold-50 has only 50 cases, leaving Wilson intervals wide and most pairwise differences undecidable except by paired testing.The smallest strata, with n=7 and n=4, have intervals too wide to rank.Source: §7 · p. 9
- Authors adjudicated each Gold-50 outcome in a single pass, with no independent relabeling or inter-annotator agreement, making it a best-effort rather than externally refereed benchmark.The policies were live and no external adjudicator was available.Source: §7 · p. 10
- The ablation is not seed-stable, and the report stage’s calibration to synthetic reactions means real-reaction inputs are not yet a drop-in substitute.The Opus with-simulation arm drifted +12 pp across nominally identical sessions; a repeated-seeds study is identified as a next step.Source: §7 · p. 10
8 Reproducibility
The paper’s build pipeline regenerates and verifies its reported numbers and visuals from run artifacts. It also frames Augur as a rehearsal aid using synthetic proxies, not a source of observed human reactions or unexamined verdicts.
8 Reproducibility
- A three-stage build recomputes statistics from run artifacts, renders every figure and table, and rechecks quoted values and plotted marks against the metrics file.The verification stage fails on drift; the system also records standalone on-disk artifacts and interpreter and library versions.Source: §8 · p. 10
9 Responsible Use
- Augur’s personas are synthetic constructs and its forecasts are hypotheses to backtest, so decisions should be rehearsed with a human owner accountable for outcomes.The paper cites the documented over-doom bias as a reason to treat any single verdict as provisional.Source: §9 · p. 10
10 Conclusion
On fifty real decisions, most of the measured frontier-versus-offline gap reflects evaluation design rather than capability. Augur’s reaction layer recovers many public concerns, but the full pipeline can amplify bias.
10 Conclusion
- On these fifty real decisions, most of the measured frontier-versus-offline gap is attributable to an under-specified evaluation, not capability.Defining the taxonomy for everyone leaves no significant difference between Qwen3-32B LoRA and the tested frontier models.Source: §10 · p. 10
- The prompt envelope moves the same Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT system from 0% to 73%, while teacher agreement rises without accuracy following.In the tested configuration, more pipeline amplified bias rather than improving accuracy.Source: §10 · p. 10
- Across four blind judges, synthetic reactions recover 67–90% of concerns the public actually raised.A pre-registered matched ablation found the reaction layer helped most on the hardest decisions and added nothing near ceiling.Source: §10 · p. 10
- Under the under-specified prompt, Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT beats the frontier models; with a fair prompt, no significant difference is detected.The conclusion is scoped to this benchmark of fifty real decisions.Source: §10 · p. 10
- The paper recommends reporting the prompt envelope and compliance rate for structured decision tasks.Otherwise, the leaderboard may measure something other than judgment.Source: §10 · p. 10
A Formal Framework
Augur maps change documents and a decision question into an auditable decision artifact through graph, persona, simulation, and reporting stages. Personas are grounded in the extracted graph, and the simulation is evaluated through transcript and verdict signals.
A Formal Framework
- Augur’s decision map takes change documents and a question and produces a recommended action, quantitative forecast, and evidence set.It factors the process into stage operators for graph extraction, persona generation, simulation, and reporting, with an interview operator for post-hoc interrogation.Source: A Formal Framework · p. 10
- The graph encodes audience segments and topics, grounding the persona market in the specific change rather than a generic crowd.Each stage agent reads prior artifacts and writes its own; agents do not invoke one another.Source: A Formal Framework · p. 11
- Each persona carries a graph-derived segment and topics alongside stance, sentiment bias, activity, response speed, influence, and active hours.The population is generated from the graph and decision question, and each persona’s segment and topics are constrained to the graph’s labels and topic universe.Source: A Formal Framework · p. 11
- The simulation runs for multiple rounds, producing a timeline of persona posts with expressed sentiment and activation influenced by topical relevance.Expressed sentiment tracks stance and bias and is pulled toward prevailing thread sentiment by a bounded conformity term.Source: A Formal Framework · p. 11
- The framework includes transcript-audit metrics, an ensemble verdict with agreement, and a run-state dependency graph that invalidates derived artifacts after changes.The run-state graph records dependencies among graph, population, timeline, report, and interview artifacts.Source: A Formal Framework · p. 11
B Formal Properties
The formal properties explain why correlated or distilled judges may not improve verdict accuracy, and why cross-envelope accuracy comparisons require compliance reporting. The paper connects these results to its evaluation findings.
B Formal Properties
- For three independent judges each more accurate than chance, majority voting improves accuracy; correlated errors erode that gain toward single-judge accuracy.Augur therefore sources its critic and cross-check from a different model family.Source: B Formal Properties · p. 11
- As teacher fidelity approaches one, a distilled students’ majority-vote gain over teacher accuracy vanishes, regardless of the number of judges.The proof attributes this to shared dependence on the teacher’s answer; measured teacher agreement rose from 10% to 70% without corresponding movement in outcome accuracy.Source: B Formal Properties · p. 12
- Under exact-match scoring, accuracy cannot exceed schema compliance, so cross-envelope judgment comparisons are uninterpretable unless out-of-schema rates are reported.The measured accuracy decomposes into compliance and conditional correctness among in-schema answers.Source: B Formal Properties · p. 12
- The same weights score 0/11 under an unfamiliar prompt and 8/11 under the deployed prompt after SFT nearly eliminates out-of-schema answers only on the latter.The paper reports unparseable counts alongside conservative and conditional scores.Source: B Formal Properties · p. 12
- Augur’s autonomous run extracts a graph, generates personas and a timeline, applies budget-bounded self-audit, then produces a critic-gated ensemble verdict.A failed critic threshold triggers one corrective action and a recomputed verdict.Source: B Formal Properties · p. 12
C Algorithms and Complexity
The autonomous run combines a forward pipeline with budget-bounded self-audit and a critic-gated ensemble verdict. Simulation generation and engagement arithmetic dominate its stated complexity.
C Algorithms and Complexity
- The autonomous run executes the forward pipeline, budget-bounded self-audit, and critic-gated ensemble verdict.The verdict combines ensemble members’ actions and agreement with an opposite-family critic.Source: C Algorithms and Complexity · p. 12
- Simulation uses O(nT) generation calls and O(n^2T) pure-CPU engagement arithmetic; self-audit adds at most B generation rounds and verdict adds k+1 calls.Here n is population size, T the number of rounds, and k the number of ensemble members.Source: C Algorithms and Complexity · p. 12
D Fine-Tuning Details
The fine-tuning details compare a shared LoRA-SFT recipe across adapters and track optimization on held-out runs. Recipe iteration favors more training data over a longer schedule, while a DPO calibration pass leaves Gold-50 accuracy unchanged.
Shared recipe
- All adapters share one LoRA-SFT recipe, while training data alone changes across the Qwen3-32B v1-to-v3 lineage.The lineage's validation set is frozen.Source: D Fine-Tuning Details · p. 12, Table 7 · p. 13
Optimization evaluation
- LoRA-SFT optimization is measured on assistant-token loss for the target ⟨think⟩+JSON, with held-out evaluation on two whole archived runs withheld from training.This split keeps documents from appearing on both sides.Source: D Fine-Tuning Details · p. 13, Figure 10 · p. 13
Recipe iteration
- On Qwen3-32B, best held-out loss falls from 1.163 to 1.134 to 1.133 across SFT recipes, supporting a data-volume gain rather than a longer schedule.v2 ran 39 steps and v3 ran 87; v2 had the lowest training loss but not the lowest held-out loss, motivating early stopping and best-checkpoint reload.Source: Figure 11 · p. 13, D Fine-Tuning Details · p. 13
DPO calibration
- DPO leaves Gold-50 accuracy unchanged despite healthy optimization dynamics, which the authors attribute to a preference set too small and synthetic to move judgment.The pass targets over-doom, invalid-JSON, and hallucination triples.Source: D Fine-Tuning Details · pp. 13–14
E Gold-50 Construction and Reproducibility
Gold-50 records fifty real, publicly documented product and policy decisions, labeled by their realized disposition rather than an ideal action. The labels come from a single author adjudication pass, and the paper identifies possible circularity in the Claude Opus 4.8 comparison.
Label convention
- The 50 Gold-50 labels encode realized public-record dispositions, not normative judgments about the organization's best move.The label convention explicitly resolves the ship-versus-segment boundary as one universal rule versus two group-specific rules.Source: Table 8 · p. 14, E Gold-50 Construction and… · p. 14
Adjudication and circularity
- Gold-50 labels were fixed in one author adjudication pass assisted by Claude Opus 4.8, which is also benchmarked and therefore creates a potential circularity caveat for its leaderboard result.A second independent annotation is identified as the most important follow-up addition.Source: E Gold-50 Construction and… · p. 14, Table 9 · p. 15
Input isolation and contamination audit
- Each Gold-50 case uses only its pre-decision document as model input; realized outcomes, outcome-driver annotations, and source lists are held back for scoring.The benchmark is disjoint from training, preference, validation, and model-selection data; no case identifiers or documents overlap with training.Source: E Gold-50 Construction and… · pp. 14, 16
Case ledger
- The ledger lists each case's adjudicated label, year, and independent public-source count; its 50 outcomes draw on 139 cited sources, with a median of three per case.Labels were assigned in a single manual pass assisted by Claude Opus 4.8.Source: E Gold-50 Construction and… · p. 14, Table 9 · p. 15
Reproducibility detail
- Table 10 reports accuracy, paired McNemar p-values, and mitigate/segment shifts for fourteen systems across baseline and taxonomy-definition prompt arms on the same 50 contexts.Unparseable generations are scored wrong.Source: Table 10 · p. 16
F Additional Evaluation Detail
Additional evaluation details reveal a recurring mitigate-heavy, segment-poor prediction pattern, with performance varying by what drove each real-world outcome. The cost analyses show that fine-tuning reduces throughput and adds latency, even as all evaluated configurations fit on one B200.
Outcome drivers
- Systems predict regulator- or readiness-driven cases better than cases decided by public reaction, the outcome mechanism the reaction-simulating pipeline targets.The figure notes very wide intervals for strata of n=7 and n=4 and draws no ranking conclusions from them.Source: F Additional Evaluation Detail · p. 16, Figure 16 · p. 18
Per-class structure and bias
- Seven of eleven systems over-predict mitigate, by up to 3.2× its true frequency, while eight emit segment at most twice in fifty attempts.The best system recovers only 4/10 segment cases, and four systems recover none; the figure separates class recall from each system's prediction distribution.Source: F Additional Evaluation Detail · p. 16, Figure 14 · p. 17
Cost and serving
- Memory spans 4.32–69.13 GB and every system fits on one B200; untuned Qwen3-8B reaches 54% accuracy at 17.7 GB and 46.6 tok/s, within 8 pp of the leader.The leader is Qwen3-32B LoRA-SFT; the difference is not significant (paired p=0.424).Source: Figure 15 · p. 18
Debias evaluation
- Table 10 gives the complete debias 2 × 2 for all fourteen systems under both arms, comparing baseline with the taxonomy-defining prompt block and reporting accuracy, paired McNemar p, and mitigate/segment shifts.Source: F Additional Evaluation Detail · p. 18
Cost and serving
- Fine-tuning reduces tokens per second on all five backbones and increases seconds per case further by adding reasoning traces before JSON.Llama-3-8B-Instruct falls to 46% of its untuned throughput; its +44 pp accuracy gain costs 2.2× the latency per case.Source: F Additional Evaluation Detail · p. 18, Table 11 · p. 18, Figure 17 · p. 19