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Uncertainty-Aware Consistency Distillation for Few-Step Video Generation

Lingyu Liu, Yaxiong Wang, Li Zhu, Zhedong Zheng

arXiv:2609.39132v1cs.CVcs.MM

TL;DR

Few-step video generation reduces the latency and compute costs of iterative video diffusion, but consistency-distillation targets vary in reliability across spatiotemporal regions. UACD estimates local uncertainty from perturbed teacher-guided paths and uses it to reweight supervision; with four inference steps, it achieves a 0.556 VBench 2.0 mean score and is preferred over competing methods in a user study.

  • Problem

    Video diffusion typically needs tens to hundreds of network evaluations per video, while consistency-distillation targets are not equally reliable across spatiotemporal regions.

    Source: §1 · pp. 1–2
  • Method

    UACD uses independently perturbed teacher-guided paths to form a consensus target, then reweights consistency supervision using a parameter-free local uncertainty estimate.

    Source: §1 · p. 3, §3.2 · pp. 4–5
  • Results

    0.556 VBench 2.0 mean score with 4 inference steps; UACD is reported as state-of-the-art and preferred over prior consistency-distillation methods in a user study.

    Source: §1 · p. 3, §4.1 · p. 6
  • Takeaways & Limitations

    Consistency-supervision reliability follows temporal variation rather than semantic complexity, supporting fine-grained, region-wise uncertainty modeling for few-step video distillation.

    Source: §1 · p. 3, §5 · p. 10

    Extending consistency distillation to 1-step remains difficult because sharply concentrated curvature near the teacher trajectory’s high-noise endpoint degrades trajectory-based consistency objectives.

    Source: §4.2 · p. 10

Abstract

from arXiv · show

We study few-step video generation, i.e., distilling a multi-step video generator, which typically requires tens of sampling steps, incurring substantial latency and compute, into a few-step student. Consistency distillation is a common recipe, in which a multi-step teacher provides the consistency targets for a few-step student. However, these teacher-guided targets are not equally trustworthy, and the content is harder to learn where it varies rapidly over time, e.g., moving foliage shadows or flowing water. We observe that supervision reliability follows the local difficulty of the content rather than semantic complexity: regions that change little yield consistent endpoint predictions, whereas regions with large temporal variation produce larger discrepancies that coincide with the largest perceptual errors. Motivated by this observation, we propose Uncertainty-Aware Consistency Distillation (UACD), which reweights consistency supervision at each spatiotemporal region using a local, parameter-free uncertainty estimate. Specifically, we construct two independently perturbed teacher-guided consistency paths, whose student endpoint predictions provide a consensus target; the discrepancy between the student's direct prediction and this target is the uncertainty proxy. We then relax the consistency penalty on high-uncertainty regions through an exponential weight, while keeping the full penalty elsewhere, since the student cannot be expected to match targets that are hard to learn. To preserve perceptual quality under aggressive step reduction, we integrate feature-space adversarial training with semantic alignment. With parameter-efficient LoRA adaptation of the 50-step Wan model, our method achieves state-of-the-art 4-step generation on VBench 2.0 (0.556 mean score) and is preferred over competing methods in a user study.

1 INTRODUCTION

Few-step distillation can reduce video-generation cost, but consistency targets vary in reliability across spatiotemporal regions. UACD estimates local uncertainty from dual teacher-guided paths and adapts supervision, achieving strong four-step results.

1 INTRODUCTION

  • Video diffusion commonly requires tens to hundreds of network evaluations, while consistency distillation reduces inference cost but faces regionally unreliable targets in high-dimensional video generation.Conventional consistency distillation applies the same penalty across spatiotemporal regions.Source: §1 · pp. 1–2
  • Temporal variation, rather than semantic complexity, tracks supervision reliability: high-variation regions show larger prediction discrepancies and perceptual errors, and uncertainty filtering lowers LPIPS versus random removal.The risk-coverage analysis uses 300 generated videos.Source: §1 · p. 2
  • UACD forms two independently perturbed teacher-guided paths; their student endpoint predictions form a consensus target, whose discrepancy from a direct prediction estimates local uncertainty without extra learned parameters.The two paths begin from independently noised versions of the same clean latent.Source: §1 · pp. 2–3
  • An exponential uncertainty weight relaxes consistency penalties in hard-to-learn regions while preserving full supervision at low uncertainty; semantic-aligned feature-space adversarial refinement supports perceptual quality.The framework is trained with parameter-efficient LoRA adapters.Source: §1 · p. 3
  • 0.556 VBench 2.0 Mean Score: UACD achieves state-of-the-art 4-step generation and is preferred over competing consistency-distillation methods in a user study.The method uses parameter-efficient LoRA adaptation.Source: §1 · p. 3

2 RELATED WORK

Diffusion distillation seeks to reduce inference cost through trajectory-preserving or distribution-matching objectives, with video-specific methods adapting these approaches to video generation. This work adds local uncertainty reweighting to consistency distillation for video.

2 RELATED WORK

3 METHODOLOGY

UACD estimates local consistency uncertainty from independently perturbed teacher-guided paths and uses it to adapt supervision strength across spatiotemporal regions. It complements this distillation objective with feature-space adversarial training and semantic alignment.

3.1 PRELIMINARY

  • Consistency distillation trains a student to predict the clean endpoint directly while matching a prediction from a teacher-advanced intermediate state.The teacher takes one Euler step along its trajectory, and the target student prediction is detached.Source: §3.1 · p. 4

3.2 UNCERTAINTY-AWARE CONSISTENCY DISTILLATION

  • Two independently perturbed teacher-guided paths produce student endpoint predictions whose consensus is compared with a direct prediction to estimate local uncertainty and attenuate supervision where it is high.The uncertainty map is normalized per video before an exponential weight is applied; low-uncertainty locations retain stronger gradient contributions.Source: §3.2 · pp. 4–5

3.3 ADVERSARIAL REFINEMENT WITH SEMANTIC ALIGNMENT

  • Feature-space adversarial training addresses blurry outputs from consistency-only regression, while frozen vision-embedding alignment provides semantic guidance and helps reduce content drift.A discriminator operates on intermediate teacher-transformer features, and the alignment uses frozen DINOv2 representations from real video frames.Source: §3.3 · pp. 5–6

3.4 TRAINING PROCEDURE

  • The student uses LoRA adapters on frozen base weights, while the discriminator and projection head are jointly optimized with the student’s uncertainty-aware distillation and adversarial objectives.The discriminator objective also includes semantic alignment loss.Source: §3.4 · p. 6

4 EXPERIMENT

Experiments distill Wan2.1-T2V-1.3B into a LoRA student and compare four-step generation against multi-step and distilled baselines. Ablations test uncertainty estimation and semantic alignment, while the reported limitation is that one-step consistency distillation remains difficult.

4.1 COMPARISON WITH COMPETITIVE METHODS

  • 0.556 mean VBench 2.0 score at four inference steps gives our method the highest result, surpassing 50-step and distillation baselines.The comparison uses a 1.3B teacher.Source: §4.1 · p. 6, Table 1 · p. 7
  • 0.861 Human Fidelity, 0.642 Creativity, and 0.516 Physics lead among distillation methods; DCM and OneForcing are marginally better in Controllability and Commonsense.Source: §4.1 · p. 7
  • On the horse grazing-to-running prompt, our output preserves the transition and exceeds the teacher, while competing methods split horse identity or omit running.Source: §4.1 · p. 7, Figure 3 · p. 7
  • Four video-level steps provide a favorable quality-speed balance; OneForcing instead generates 81 frames sequentially despite one-step frame inference.Source: §4.1 · pp. 7–8, Figure 5 · p. 8
  • User raters preferred our method across pairwise comparisons with competing distillation approaches.The study sampled 30 videos per model, with 30 independent raters evaluating each sample.Source: §4.1 · p. 8, Figure 4 · p. 8

4.2 ABLATION STUDIES AND FURTHER DISCUSSION

  • 0.462 without uncertainty modeling rises to 0.513 with a single-path proxy, while a learnable uncertainty token scores 0.509.The full model combines dual-path prediction with discrepancy-based uncertainty estimation.Source: §4.2 · p. 8, Table 2 · p. 9
  • Only the full model combines accurate prompt adherence, natural colors, clean backgrounds, and realistic motion in the balloon-prompt ablation.Removing semantic alignment distorts balloon textures; alternative uncertainty variants produce cluttered backgrounds.Source: §4.2 · pp. 9–10, Figure 6 · p. 9
  • Extending the method to one-step generation remains difficult because teacher trajectories have sharply concentrated curvature near the high-noise endpoint.Source: §4.2 · p. 10

5 CONCLUSION

The conclusion presents UACD as a four-step video-distillation method that adapts supervision to local temporal variation and combines it with semantic-aligned adversarial training.

5 CONCLUSION

  • UACD derives parameter-free local uncertainty from independently perturbed teacher-guided paths and uses it to adapt distillation strength across spatiotemporal locations.The method is combined with semantic-aligned adversarial training for four-step generation.Source: §5 · p. 10
  • The method surpasses the teacher and existing distillation methods on VBench 2.0 and human evaluations.Source: §5 · p. 10
  • The conclusion presents uncertainty-aware supervision as effective for improving the fidelity and semantic coherence of few-step video generation.Source: §5 · p. 10

6 AI USE STATEMENT

The authors report using generative AI tools to edit the paper for readability, specifically grammar and spelling, and say they reviewed the revisions and take responsibility for the final text.

6 AI USE STATEMENT

  • The authors used generative AI tools to edit the paper for readability, specifically grammar and spelling.Source: §6 · p. 10
  • They state that generative AI was not used to create scientific figures or content constituting plagiarism.Source: §6 · p. 10
  • The authors say they reviewed all AI-assisted text revisions for accuracy and take full responsibility for the final content.Source: §6 · p. 10

A ABLATION ON THE NUMBER OF PERTURBED PATHS

The ablation varies the number of independently perturbed paths used to construct consistency targets and identifies two paths as a balance between target stability and computational overhead.

A ABLATION ON THE NUMBER OF PERTURBED PATHS

B ABLATION ON UNCERTAINTY WEIGHTING STRENGTH

The weighting-strength ablation finds that uncertainty-aware weighting improves the mean VBench 2.0 score over the unweighted objective, while the paper fixes its default strength a priori to avoid benchmark-based selection.

B ABLATION ON UNCERTAINTY WEIGHTING STRENGTH

C ABLATION ON SEMANTIC ALIGNMENT STRENGTH

The semantic alignment weight was evaluated across five settings, with λalign = 1 selected for the main experiments as a favorable balance.

C ABLATION ON SEMANTIC ALIGNMENT STRENGTH

D ABLATION ON SEMANTIC ALIGNMENT DEPTH

The semantic alignment depth ablation compares four feature-extraction configurations; the main experiments use features from all Wan teacher layers.

D ABLATION ON SEMANTIC ALIGNMENT DEPTH

E ADDITIONAL VISUAL COMPARISON RESULTS

Additional visual comparisons report that UACD videos align with prompts while preserving temporal consistency, coherent motion, and stable subject appearance.

E ADDITIONAL VISUAL COMPARISON RESULTS

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